Fosfat alam merupakan sumber pupuk fosfat (P) yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri bahan kimia, produk makanan dan suplemen hewan, detergen, dan tidak ketinggalan untuk pembuatan pupuk P bagi pertanian. Hingga saat ini Industri pupuk menggunakan sekitar 90% fosfat alam yang diproduksi dunia. Konversi fosfat alam menjadi pupuk P yang mudah larut memerlukan biaya tinggi, pemborosan energi dan memerlukan jumlah bahan kimia seperti asam sulfat dan asam fosfat  yang besar. Oleh karena itu diperlukan peningkatan efisiensi penggunaan pupuk P. Salah satunya adalah menggunakan fosfat alam sebagai pupuk secara langsung (direct application phosphate rock/DAPR).

Dalam upaya mengoptimalkan peranan fosfat alam untuk keperluan pertanian, Balai Peneltian Tanah telah menyusun buku dengan judul FOSFAT ALAM: PEMANFAATAN PUPUK FOSFAT ALAM SEBAGAI SUMBER PUPUK P. Buku ini membahas mengenai sumber dan pemanfaatan fosfat alam bagi kebutuhan pertanian mulai dari lahan kering hingga lahan gambut. Tidak lupa dalam buku ini dibahas mengenai aspek yang berdampak terhadap lingkungan.

DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR

DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR TABEL

DAFTAR GAMBAR

DEPOSIT, PENYEBARAN DAN KARAKTERISTIK FOSFAT ALAM
Kasno, Sri Rochayati, dan Bambang Hendro Prasetyo

PENYEBARAN LAHAN MASAM, POTENSI DAN KETERSEDIAANNYA UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN
Anny Mulyani, A. Rachman, dan A. Dairah

PEMANFAATAN FOSFAT ALAM UNTUK LAHAN KERING MASAM
Sri Rochayati, Mas Teddy Sutriadi, dan A. Kasno

PEMANFAATAN FOSFAT ALAM UNTUK LAHAN SULFAT MASAM
I.G.M. Subiksa dan Diah Setyorini

PEMANFAATAN FOSFAT ALAM UNTUK LAHAN GAMBUT
Wiwik Hartatik

PEMANFAATAN FOSFAT ALAM UNTUK TANAMAN PERKEBUNAN
Nurjaya, A. Kasno dan A. Rachman

PEMANFAATAN FOSFAT ALAM DITINJAU DARI ASPEK LINGKUNGAN
Mas Teddy Sutriadi, Sri Rochayati dan Achmad Rachman

Fertilizer Management for Improving Lowland Sawah Productivity in Indonesia:
Integrated Plant Nutrient Management System

Sri Rochayati and Husnain

ABSTRACT

Declining rice yields are strongly related to soil quality degradation particularly nutrient depletion. Nutrient depletion can be attributed to insufficient fertilizer use and imbalanced fertilization. As in many developing countries, Indonesian’s use of fertilizer in sawah soil is not well balance at present and therefore causes several problems such as low rice productivity, environmental pollutions and land degradation. Continuously rice cropping system without returning sufficient amount of nutrient uptake by rice plant could exhausted soil nutrient. On the other hand, excessive amount of fertilizer applied such as urea caused N pollution of soil, water and environment. Nitrogen fertilizer use in Indonesia has seen continued increases since the late 1960s and it reached 2.3 million Mg year-1 (in 2004), however P and K consumption have not followed the same trends as N consumption. As the result, rice productivity has fluctuated and stagnated over the past decade. Recently, improving rice productivity through integrated plant nutrient management system (IPNMS) program was recommended. The IPNMS is mainly based on balanced fertilization combines with organic matter application in to the sawah soil. Balance fertilization contributes to fertilizer use efficiency by keep a balance between nutrient requirement and uptake by rice plant. At the same time, it seeks to maintain a balance between nutrient supply for plant and natural nutrient pools and soil conditions. Site specific fertilizer recommendation based on soil testing was resulted in increasing rice yield and fertilizer use efficiency in sawah soils in Java Island. However, sustainable rice production is not only depending on the balance input and output of nutrient, but also soil organic matter (SOM) status. Principally, organic fertilizer supports soil fertility maintenance and creates a better soil environment for intensive farming by improving chemical fertilizer effectiveness and supplying micro nutrient. At present in Indonesia, farmers are rarely applied organic matter such as rice straw or manure into sawah soil which caused depletion of SOM. Therefore, IPNM practices could substantially support fertilizer management program to improving lowland sawah soil productivity in Indonesia.

Kata kunci: lowland sawah, balanced fertilization, IPNMS, fertilizer use efficiency
Makalah dipresentasikan pada International Conference of “Balanced Nutrient Management For Tropical Agriculture”, 12-16th April 2010, Swiss Garden Resort,  Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia